Section 1 - Intro
Today, I want to reflect on some of the lessons the Ashram taught me about Carl Jung's concepts of Persona and Shadow. During my time there, I became acutely aware of these archetypes and their large prevalence. I realised how harmful they can be to the self and others, while also having the potential foster immense psychological growth. They intrigued me because they were so difficult to recognise, let alone understand and counteract, yet they had an enormous influence on the overall culture.
In my first few months at the Ashram, I was largely unaware of how these archetypes were shaping the dynamics around me. I was naive at the time, and because of this, my internal state was frequently unsettled. Only after some reflection and further reading did I begin to grasp what was truly happening around me and develop the resilience to ensure these elements impacted me less. It was reassuring to discover that what I found so fascinating had also intrigued prominent intellectuals and artists throughout history. Carl Jung, the renowned Swiss psychoanalyst, considered them central to his overall philosophy and approach in the early twentieth century, and they’ve since become common knowledge. Numerous works of art and literature also indicate how many artists have been captivated by them too. The two examples I will explore below are, ‘The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Me Hyde, and ‘Fight Club’.
What are the Persona & Shadow Archetypes?
Carl Jung explained the Persona as the part of the Psyche that we present to the world. It's our public personality, shaped to make an impression or to be seen in a specific way. The Persona works to mask other aspects of the psyche that may be viewed as negative or not fitting the desired image. It’s influenced by the cultural norms of the time, adapting as societal values shift. The Persona is often used as a tool to meet psychological needs like love, attention, belonging, admiration and status, etc.
'C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London 1953) p. 190'
Although there is something intrinsically flawed about the Persona, Jung viewed it as a natural and healthy part of human psychology, and having a strong Persona isn’t necessarily a problem. Without some control over what we present to others, our relationships, and society would likely become chaotic and unruly. Problems arose, however, when people overly identify with their public persona, ignoring or suppressing parts of their true self, including traits like greed, desire, loneliness, or anger, etc. When the Persona tries to dominate, its corresponding archetype, the Shadow, inevitably gains unconscious control over the person, which can become destructive. Jung’s solution for resolving issues with this dynamic is for individuals to face and integrate the repressed aspects of their Shadow into their overall personality.
“The shadow is that hidden, repressed, for the most part inferior and guilt-laden personality whose ultimate ramifications reach back into the realm of our animal ancestors.” — Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol. 9, Part 2
“Everyone carries a shadow, and the less it is embodied in the individual’s conscious life, the blacker and denser it is.” — Jung, 1938
a quote from king saying it’s important to integrate the shadow

Persona & Shadow in culture
I feel like I've always known about the Persona & Shadow dynamic, just by virtue of growing up in the culture I'm from. Seemingly, the dynamic or presence between these archetypes has always had some kind of role in my everyday life. I remember, growing up for instance, when I misbehaved, a common phrase my father responded with was, 'come on mate, get your act together'!! To me this symbolises a common attitude and behaviour in my culture where people - deny, control or limit perceived negative aspects of themselves through acting. I'm not making the argument here that our culture was good or bad because of this, or overly Persona based compared to other cultures. I don't actually know what I think about this... All I'm saying is that this process was totally normal where I’m from.
The advent of Social Media
If the relationship between Shadow & Persona was pervasive in culture when I was growing up, surely it is has only increased in the culture over time. Social media use seems to heavily revolve around the process of Persona creation. Subsequently, it seems like there has been exponential growth in the dynamic of Persona & Shadow in our culture.
One of the reasons for this is that social media incentivises Persona creation. This happens, because on social media people are rewarded for generating images of themselves that attract attention and popularity. As detailed before, the very function of Persona in the Psyche is to create impressions on others in order to be seen in a favourable way. Consequently, a culture has emerged where it is normal for people build personal brands for themselves, rather than rather be authentic individuals. In the following quote, Mark Zuckerberg, the creator and staunch defender of Facebook from public criticism acknowledges this trend:
“Think about what people are doing on Facebook today. They’re keeping up with their friends and family, but they’re also building an image and identity for themselves, which in a sense is their brand.” — Mark Zuckerberg
When Zuckerberg made this statement in a public forum he was actually promoting this trend. To him, there was nothing inherently problematic by there being powerful new technology in society that increased the populations propensity for inauthenticity.
Persona and express it to the world to gain popularity, and for some to actually make a living. People who do this are now called 'Influencers' who are literally paid to influence all the rest of us. Yet these people are only representing tiny parts of their personalities, that they wish to project. According to some contemporary Jungians, the nature of social media and its incentives can potentially increase the kind of Persona & Shadow split within a person's psyche, leading to detrimental effects,
“Social media platforms provide individuals with unprecedented opportunities to present themselves to a global audience. As a result, the relationship between one’s real-life identity and the online persona becomes increasingly complex... The quest for social approval can foster a cycle of comparison, self-doubt, and anxiety... creating a disconnection between one’s real life and the carefully crafted digital persona.” — Victoria Berumen, The Impact of Social Media on Self-Identity Formation (Date, etc).
But this relationship has been occurring and having detrimental effects far earlier than the digital age. One way to be sure of this, is by looking at earlier influential pieces of film or art. Take, for example, Robert Louis Stevenson's novella 'The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' (1886), which has been adapted numerous times into film and theater. In this story, Dr. Jekyll, a scientist aiming to improve humanity, creates a potion that separates the primitive, selfish, and evil part of his mind from the moral, good-natured, or 'human' side. Dr. Jekyll transforms from a meek, shy, bookish scientist into Mr. Hyde, a nocturnal hedonist who is the life of the party, adored by women, spends money wildly, and drinks excessively. As the story progresses, the duality between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde intensifies. Mr. Hyde's reckless behavior escalates into physically abusing his mistress and committing murder, all while reveling in his actions. Dr. Jekyll, unable to reconcile with his darker side or find joy and assertiveness in life, increasingly relies on the potion until Mr. Hyde fully takes over. The story ends with the deaths of both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, exploring the concept of man's duality and the separation of selves, and the destruction to oneself and others this can lead to.

Consider the book Fight Club (1996), which was adapted into a hugely successful film three years later. The story follows an unnamed protagonist struggling with insomnia and depression caused by frustration with his job and meaningless career. Along the way, he meets the mysterious and intriguing Tyler Durden, with whom he forms a bond. Together, they start drinking and fighting, enjoying it so much that they attract other men to join their Fight Club, where participants engage in and watch organised fighting matches. Over time, Tyler becomes the cult leader of Fight Club, now a nationwide organisation aiming to destroy the Western financial system and free those oppressed by it. Meanwhile, the protagonist grows envious of Tyler's exclusively sexual relationship with a woman named Marla. In the story's climax, the protagonist discovers that during his insomnia episodes, he actually became Tyler Durden, who represents his repressed, primal desires. Much like in Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, the dark self ultimately turns destructive when the central character fails to recognize and integrate this part of their psyche.
In each of the examples in art and literature, we can see how artisists have explored the motif of persona and shadow through their stories. These artists obviously found these themes relevevant to produce art of them, whether they noticed these themes in themselves, or observed these themes within the broader human context, I'm not sure. Either way, the fact that the art pieces have been made, like many others that exist (These are some of my favourties) informs us about this dynamic in the personality. If you wish to understand this dynamic further, please go and watch them as i did to gain further insight around the topic.

Persona & Shadow in Clinical Practice
Before I committed to and commenced wandering the spiritual path, I worked as a Counsellor & Psychotherapist in a Drugs & Alcohol setting. Overtime, with the privilege of exploring the deeper realms of these clients' inner world, I saw more and more of the relationship between Persona & Shadow and its connection to addiction. There was one client in particular who the bulk of our work together emphasised the dichotomy and destructiveness of the divided parts of himself. This man had long standing Drugs & Alcohol issues (over 20 years), had been diagnosed with Bi-polar 1 disorder (the non-psychotic kind), had a history problematic relationships and anger issues. As he settled into the rehab facility his mind and personality were left bare, without drugs and alcohol. The worked between us came to be about resolving the significant discrepancies between his moods, that persisted into the program. It was clear that when he either side of his low or high moods, if given access to drugs &/or alcohol, he would use.
When we revealed his inner world it showed how there were parts of himself that existed simultaneously. There was a side of him that suffered from dark nightmares, grandiose fantasies of being with and attractive to all, having unsurpassable charisma and intelligence. This aspect of him was fantasy however, and his personality was plagued by these fantasies and the fact he in reality embodied very little of these characterisitcs. During these periods, he became physically unwell, had low moods, was easily irritable, became judgmental and suspicious of others, commenced indulging in plans to escape his situation in rehab for an idyllic lifestyle where everything he wanted came true.
Conversely, he entered other states where is mood was upbeat. He followed the program and structure in place with it, but underneath his experience, it reflected a man who had embodied the fantasy nature. As he interacted with women his conversation was more suggestive or playful, he walked away from the interactions telling narratives where they found him attractive or desirable in some way. Ultimately, this mood or state came undone or stuck because the narrative that was generated was in no way proportionate to his real or authentic self. The world in response wasn't seeing him in the way he saw himself, and therefore despite his attempts, the actual desires he believed would be met by the worlds response to him, would not get met. He would ultimately be confronted with the fact, wasn't in anyway, the fantasy image he had of himself.
Additionally, with connection to drugs & alcohol, he and I learnt how the inhibition that the drugs & alcohol provided him with, made it possible for his ID or his fantasy to express itself.
Section 2 - Exploring Persona & Shadow throughout my Ashram experience
Philosophy within the Hindu mystical tradition
In Hindu mysticism the purposes of becoming aware and eradicating these features of our psyche are not just moral, or to create a closer relationship with God (which is the focus in Christianity), it is to actually become a divine or Godly being. The mystics believed when we detach our awareness from the senses which give identification with the body, and with the thoughts in our minds that are connected to our bodies, naturally arises the more spiritual dimension in our psyches. The Yogis called this Atman which is the pure self that underlies all aspects of a person's being. It is the unchanging essence that is either identical with or intrinsically connected to Braham which is the universal and ultimate spiritual source that underpins all creation.
“The Atman is not born, nor does it die. It did not spring from something, and nothing sprang from it. Birthless, eternal, everlasting, and ancient, it is not killed when the body is killed.” — Katha Upanishad 2.18
“That immortal Brahman alone is before, that Brahman is behind, that Brahman is to the right and left. Brahman alone pervades everything above and below; this universe is that supreme Brahman alone.” — Mundaka Upanishad
Basically, the aspiration of yoga is to spend as much time in this more cosmic and divine realm of ones inner nature as possible. By doing this, they develop insights about their spiritual nature (Atman), the spiritual nature of the universe (Brahman) and the kinds of illusions that being identified with a physical body create. As a Yogi continues on the spiritual quest and succeeds, they become more are more like expressions of God itself. We see this through the many revered Guru's and Yogis throughout Indian history. Some The recent examples are Swami Sivananda, Swami Satyananda or Neem Karoli baba.
When a Yogi is successful after dedicated years of practice they develop many kinds of insights and transformations:
Atman is eternal: The yogi realizes their true Self (Atman) is birthless, deathless, and untouched by worldly fluctuations.
Detachment from ego: The personal identity (ahankara) is seen as a construct; the yogi no longer identifies with it.
Unity with all beings: The boundaries between self and other dissolve; compassion and empathy arise naturally.
Impermanence of all things: Through meditation, the yogi sees that thoughts, emotions, and even the body are transient.
Witness consciousness: The yogi abides as the silent observer (sakshi), no longer entangled in mental drama.
Inner silence and bliss: A deep, unshakable peace emerges, often described as ananda (bliss) or shanti (peace).
Freedom from desire and fear: The six enemies (Arishadvargas) lose their grip; the yogi becomes inwardly free.
Realization of Brahman: In advanced stages, the yogi may experience non-dual awareness—Atman is Brahman.
Practices like Meditation and Yoga are central to the tradition and spiritual development. This is because they develop awareness of the mind and senses, which ultimately brings the aspirant into contact with the Atman.
“Dissolve the self in the supreme Self as the pot-space is dissolved in infinite space; then, as the Infinite, be silent forever, O sage!” — Adhyatma Upanishad

Other practices highlight the intent of the Yogis and aspirants through more symbolic and ceremonial means. Take the weekly Havan ceremony for instance. In this ceremony the 'Six Enemies' are symbolically offered by all into the burning fire that represents purity and eradication. The Six Enemies are Kama (Lust), Krodha (Anger), Lobha (Greed), Moha (Delusion/Attachment), Mada (Pride/ego), Matsarya & (Envy/jealousy). One can see similarity here with the Christian 'Seven Deadly Sins', however, amongst the Yogis, the reason is not just for a moral one, or to create a greater relationship with God, to avoid committing sin and going to Hell, its for the individual to directly transcend these animalistic parts of themselves.
“Be imitators of God, as beloved children” — Ephesians 5:1
“We shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is” — 1 John 3:2

Why does this lead to issues with Persona and Shadow?
Given this emphasis Hinduism it's easy to see how it can fuel unhealthy patterns of process of Persona and Shadow in the aspirant. The path of yoga promises people a connection with the divine, to be an individual imbued with light, radiance, to become an individual so full of light that anybody in any room, all individuals would be stuck by the light shining off them. To be indisputably admirable being for wisdom, intellect. They are a supreme being, with ultimate authority with surpasses all individuals in the earthly realm. All the politicians, scientists, athletes for instance, naturally bow down to the spiritually enlightened. Who wouldn't want to have these promises given within the Hindu mystic tradition?!
Persona in the Ashram
Although I would love to discuss the prevailing persona in the public realm today. This is a truly fascinating area of exploration, for now I will leave this discussion out.
In the Ashram, a common kind of persona I witnessed, just like all new Age cultures, was that connected to deemed 'spiritual qualities'. Despite the spiritual path being extremely arduous and taxing, requiring immense dedication, sacrifice and faith, individuals created spiritual personas after relatively brief commitments to the practices and/or lifestyle. This seemed to be the case when the normal and selfish motivations that exist within all human beings: the drive for love, admiration, attention, uniqueness heavily prevailed in the person's psyche. Of course, all humans, naturally and healthily have these needs and motivations, however, not all are aware of how this need underpins their spiritual pursuit. When this occurs, their pursuit remains futile, because the actual challenge and task of spiritual pursuits are to reduce the influence of these motivations. We see this within the philosophy of yoga, and Christianity just name a few examples.
How people who are overly identified with their shadow manifest it in the Ashram
As far as I have been able to tell through my observations there are certain qualities that these certain individuals try to portray. These qualities are:
- perceptive of the subtler and invisible realms to the uninitiated
- someone who is literate of spiritual concepts themselves
- someone who has transcended the normal perceptions people have towards each other of dislikes and likes
- to something more esoteric and ethereal, beyond humanity.
Methods for portraying these qualities
Using language to communicate spiritual identity
Often these people when gossiping infused their language with spiritual concepts like 'prana', karma', 'energy', 'shadow' etc. They would say things like, 'felt an unsettling energy from them', or 'I noticed strong prana with that person', or 'their karma must be causing that to happen'. Through this language, these individuals were subtly displaying to others their highly spiritualised internal reality by imbuing their communicated reality to others with some kind of higher or more spiritual perception.
Using ceremony
One notable and specific everyday example I can give is when commencing a Karma Yoga shift in the garden. An individual who was coordinating the work forced all the members of the session to participate in Puja, which a ceremonial act of worship in Hinduism involving lighting incense, fire, and time for setting intentions. Of course, this individual would scoff at the idea that this act was motivated by persona or 'fake identity', because many genuinely spiritually people would actually do the same kinds of practices. But, what reveals the individual's behaviour to fake, is what is revealed to be their true personality in other moments. In genuine spiritual people and Swami's that I observed and encountered, what lied underneath was far different, which I will discuss more at some other time.
Using appearance
The culture of the Ashram and its underbelly or Shadow
Frequently, the underbelly culture of the Ashram revolved around gossip, alliances between individuals. In between program session, which in the Ashram is frequent, individuals, discussed their dislikes and likes - it was amazing to me how many different opinions there could be on a serving of porridge for the morning. The opinions they had of a particular person who wasn't there at that particular time, a particular concern an individual had around their popularity, or a conversation that was as genial and 'normal' as those that would serve to fill up space, deflect from a confrontation with the self, and had little to no self-awareness or the awareness of others, or to simply make friends. Commentary on the particular class of yoga that day, the characteristics of the yoga facilitator and the aspects of their delivery that they like and disliked.
There was always some kind of dynamic occurring in the Ashram - as there always is within groups of people. At any given time, people were moving towards or away from eachother.
The kinds of situations that provoke selfishness
There were many types of instances where I saw peoples' idyllic personalities disolve into something far more sinister, selfish and well, real...The following are just a few:
- When individuals come under a high degree of stress or tension with others
- When something they claimed ownership over is threatened
- When they feel their freedom or particular goal, an object of desire becomes jeopardised
- A way of operationalising something that they implemented comes is altered
- A position they use to claim status of over others is threatened
- A role which offers them special privileges or access is threatened
- When their chosen identity is under threat
What was revealed about people
So often, proceeding these moments, I witnessed peoples' personalities shift from the idyllic persona to that of the following kinds of characteristics:
- Viciousness
- bitterness
- staunch defensiveness
- an inability to be generous take personal responsibility
- or to cater for or care for other's needs surface
- an inability to be partial
- see beyond the current circumstance into something wise
- to use fair or temperate judgment
- to see past their initial instinctual and unhelpful reactions into a more helpful and responsiveness
- failer to recognise how their behaviour contradicted their self-image
- an lack of concern as to whether were contradicting their projected identities and proclaimed principals
- ultimately reveal themselves to be less concerned about authentically being and living their proclaimed spiritual identities, as to be someone who gained many social benefits from being seen in this particular way.
Genuine spiritual transformation
Obviously, what I have just written about can suggest that I am writing off spirituality all together. It is common for people who here a critique of a thing to assume that the whole is discarded therefore. This is not belief at all actually.
The Indian spiritual philosophy does give risk to the rise of many narcissistic individuals and create kinds of Shadow complexes in other more benign individuals, still nonetheless, there is a realm of genuine spiritual realtisation that I completely believe is possible and attained through many of its practices and beliefs.
Although, during my time in the Ashram, I came to became to believe in a genuine guru, and someone who can transcend the selfish, wordly and earhtly plains of human existence. I came to believe that there is such a thing as spirutuality, and the divine. There is a spiritual path so to speak which leads someone to attain it.
Genuine transformation, authenticity as seen in Swami's
Something on what seems to occur when persona is less activated
Something on the basic motivation of persona here, and how easy it is in the spiritual world for the activiation of the persona complex to arise as individuals wish to transform themselves into 'higher beings',
None the less, unless genuine transformation has taken place (which is incredibly hard to achieve), the typical human desires still typifiy these people with those such as: wishing to receive approval, be loved, admired, to have status over others, etc.
Include example of Guya here from the Kitchen:
Why the following was a prrocess of insight, and very useful for me to go through
My peprsonal triggers
None of this should be that surprising though, should it? I am a Counsellor after all, right? I'm meant to a student of psychology and society and so when coming across the kinds of laws of human nature why would it be surprising? I guess it shouldn't be, but still, so when I arrived at the Ahram, my normal sensitivities and perceptiveness of others, fell out the window. I was naive and childish at the beginning, somehow believing that all the things I had seen from humans, and learnt about they might be fundamentally different, in a place dedicated to spiritual practices. This naivety made me incredibly vulnerable, by the way, as I was unable to cipher between the bullshit from the true. I believed the messages of persona given by people as to be true, which made me easily manipulated by them - This feature could be a blog in of itself!!
Talk about how navgating this world was incredible for me because as a Counsellor in a rehab, I often felt so detached from such things. Somehow being in amongst a culture with so much happening felt more alive, felt more invigorating, I could feel how difficult the challenges that faced people in real life so much more. So often my approach was to say to someone,
Conversation about why this is useful to think about for me and for others
Describing all of these things in the Ashram, in a way, doesn't seem that profound. It's like, of course this kind of thing happens in Ashrams. Of course it happens there, because it happens everywhere else. And so, if it's so common, so obvious, then why does it feel important to write about?! Well, the reason is because, first of all, as I described above, when I first arrived, I was blindsided by the persona. Only when I started seeing through it, did I gain my strength and resilience against it. But also, a similar process happened to everyone else there. So often did individuals become seduced by persona, did they allow themselves to be charmed to then later be hurt. (What are examples of this)? Both in the Ashram and the real world.
But, is it unusual to be fooled by peoples personas? I mean, hell no. As far as i can tell, many people in the Ashram but everywhere I have been, have been misled by personas which they have come into contact with. How many abusive relationships have started with an individual falling for a persona as oppossed to the real person?! - I don't know if theres any studies on this, but I'm there is alot.
Conversation about how our world is increasingly persona based making all of this far more common, right?!
We live in an increasing artificial world. A world where people don't really what other people are like because they are isolated. A world where people get to know others through tailored social media platforms. All throughout history, the overuse of the persona was forcibly squashed by the demans of life, because indivduals were forced to live with others thier lives. People grew up in large families, were in constant contact with sibilings, aunties, aunts, parents etc. They lived busy lives, which demanded their constant effort to survive but also to get along. Its simply no possible to, or conducive to ones goals, live consistently through the persona in these environements. (WHY)
(mention Carl Jung her and the shadow)
Of course, everything I'm talking about here is a reference to Carl Jung's work, which coined terms like persona and the Shadow for instance.
Then talk about elements of society that now increase this particular like Chat GPT being used for Cover letters and resumes.
Major point: It seems like the more we fake ourselves towards these idealisitc images, the further we are from actually becoming them.
Conversation about a genuine spiritual person
Mention Atma, the only genuine Swami I met who refused to self-advertise.
Reference the studies by the primatologist who compared observations of primates to human beings. Some of the key findings he made in primates, what he believed it meant for our understanding of humans.
SWAMI's infighting an insecurity, bullying behaviour
Observing this raised the question and highlighted to me, how what ostensibly seems like a place where people are wonderful because I was interacting with their 'personas', ultimately, transforms into a perception of the reality of people and the environment because people were not in fact those personas, they were far more self or self interested, and willing to be unkind and in order to maintain their own self - interests.
For instance it was common for people to have abandoned the norms of society in search for something more meaningful, and spiritual. They saw themselves as highly spiritual people, despite being on the path relatively briefly -
Discarded Content
One significant aspect of the theology and practice shares a strong resemblance to Christianity. Central to this theology is the goal of transcending the six Arishadvargas, or six enemies. For example, Our head Swami often emphasized the importance of practices that help us recognize these traits within ourselves and how they obstruct spiritual growth. Embracing this principle not only enhanced our spiritual journey but also made us more harmonious, peaceful, and moral individuals. I distinctly remember learning about this in the Ashram and being struck by its similarities to the concept of the Deadly Sins in Christianity.
| Hindu Concept (Arishadvarga) | Translation | Christian Counterpart (Deadly Sin) | Translation | Kāma | Lust / Desire | Lust | Excessive or immoral sexual craving |
| Krodha | Anger | Wrath | Uncontrolled rage or vengeance |
| Lobha | Greed | Greed | Excessive desire for wealth or power |
| Moha | Delusion / Attachment | Envy (partial overlap) | Resentment of others’ success or status |
| Mada | Pride / Ego | Pride | Arrogance and inflated self-worth |
| Matsarya | Envy / Jealousy | Envy | Desire for what others possess |
| (No direct equivalent) | — | Gluttony | Overindulgence in food or drink |
| (No direct equivalent) | — | Sloth | Laziness or spiritual apathy |
Clearly these features of human beings are an important focus for members of each faith or tradition. The message about what these traits actually are, and what committing spiritual work with them actually achieves has a significant difference. The yogis believed placed a large emphasis on the different states of mind that existed within every human being. Without going into all the dimensions, because it is quite extensive, I will distinguish between the animal and primitive self (similar to the ID concept on Freudian psychology), and the highest self.
In the yogic tradition, the animal facet of us is inseparable from our bodies; it is our bodies that are 'animalistic', require food, water and therefore dependent on materials. It is our bodies that produce drives for sex and other potentially harmful drives like power and status, greed - and the six enemies that I listed before. Our minds are only problematic when they became fused or identified with the drives that occur in our senses.
In Christianity, the emphasis is different, it's not so much become imbued with the divinity of God, where one becomes a godly figure themselves, it's more they have a relationship with God, they receive benefits through active devotion and trust in God, but they themselves are always at a distance to God. (It's Not only is this process a moral one, therefore, its also spiritual creating a direct relationship to the divine. When this occurs, according to the tradition, however,